Commercial Auto Insurance

Source ledger

42 sources. Every citation number above resolves to a record below. Nothing here sits behind an account.

1. [1]

   Commercial General Liability Coverage Form CG 00 01 04 13 (ISO)(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text); published as a downloadable coverage form specimen by Berxi (Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance))

   Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text); published as a downloadable coverage form specimen by Berxi (Berkshire Hathaway Specialty Insurance)Standards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: ISO revises the CGL coverage form periodically; edition dates and state-specific variants differ, and carriers may use their own non-ISO forms.ID iso-cg-00-01-04-13

   What this source supports (37)

   • In CG 00 01 04 13, the Coverage A insuring agreement states that the insurer will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which the insurance applies, and that the insurer will have the right and duty to defend the insured against any suit seeking those damages.
   • The form states that the insurer will have no duty to defend the insured against any suit seeking damages for bodily injury or property damage to which the insurance does not apply.
   • The form states that the insurer's right and duty to defend ends when it has used up the applicable limit of insurance in the payment of judgments or settlements under Coverages A or B or medical expenses under Coverage C.
   • Coverage A applies to bodily injury and property damage only if the injury or damage is caused by an occurrence that takes place in the coverage territory and occurs during the policy period, subject to the form's prior-knowledge provisions.
   • The form defines occurrence as an accident, including continuous or repeated exposure to substantially the same general harmful conditions.
   • Supplementary Payments under Coverages A and B include all expenses the insurer incurs, and the form states that these payments will not reduce the limits of insurance.
   • Section III Limits Of Insurance sets a General Aggregate Limit, a Products-Completed Operations Aggregate Limit, a Personal And Advertising Injury Limit, an Each Occurrence Limit, a Damage To Premises Rented To You Limit, and a Medical Expense Limit.
   • The General Aggregate Limit is the most the insurer will pay for the sum of medical expenses under Coverage C, damages under Coverage A other than damages included in the products-completed operations hazard, and damages under Coverage B.
   • The Products-Completed Operations Aggregate Limit is the most the insurer will pay under Coverage A for damages because of bodily injury and property damage included in the products-completed operations hazard.
   • The Each Occurrence Limit is the most the insurer will pay for the sum of damages under Coverage A and medical expenses under Coverage C because of all bodily injury and property damage arising out of any one occurrence.
   • The Damage To Premises Rented To You Limit, subject to the Each Occurrence Limit, is the most the insurer will pay under Coverage A for damages because of property damage to any one premises while rented to the insured, or in the case of damage by fire, while rented to or temporarily occupied by the insured with permission of the owner.
   • The Medical Expense Limit, subject to the Each Occurrence Limit, is the most the insurer will pay under Coverage C for all medical expenses because of bodily injury sustained by any one person.
   • The form states that the Limits of Insurance of the Coverage Part apply separately to each consecutive annual period and to any remaining period of less than 12 months, starting with the beginning of the policy period shown in the Declarations.
   • The Coverage A exclusions in CG 00 01 04 13 are lettered a. through q.: Expected Or Intended Injury; Contractual Liability; Liquor Liability; Workers' Compensation And Similar Laws; Employer's Liability; Pollution; Aircraft, Auto Or Watercraft; Mobile Equipment; War; Damage To Property; Damage To Your Product; Damage To Your Work; Damage To Impaired Property Or Property Not Physically Injured; Recall Of Products, Work Or Impaired Property; Personal And Advertising Injury; Electronic Data; and Recording And Distribution Of Material Or Information In Violation Of Law.
   • The Coverage A list of exclusions in this base form does not include a professional services exclusion.
   • Exclusion b. Contractual Liability removes bodily injury or property damage for which the insured is obligated to pay damages by reason of the assumption of liability in a contract or agreement, and states that the exclusion does not apply to liability for damages that the insured would have in the absence of the contract or agreement, or to liability assumed in a contract or agreement that is an insured contract, provided the bodily injury or property damage occurs subsequent to the execution of the contract or agreement.
   • The form defines insured contract to include a contract for a lease of premises with a stated fire-damage carve-out, a sidetrack agreement, an easement or license agreement with a stated railroad exception, an obligation required by ordinance to indemnify a municipality with a stated exception, an elevator maintenance agreement, and that part of any other contract or agreement pertaining to the insured's business under which the insured assumes the tort liability of another party to pay for bodily injury or property damage to a third person or organization.
   • Nothing in the Contractual Liability exclusion or its insured contract exception amends Section II Who Is An Insured or confers additional insured status.
   • Coverage A exclusion a. Expected Or Intended Injury states, in the same paragraph, that the exclusion does not apply to bodily injury resulting from the use of reasonable force to protect persons or property.
   • The insured contract exception in exclusion b. also provides that, solely for the purposes of liability assumed in an insured contract, reasonable attorneys' fees and necessary litigation expenses incurred by or for a party other than an insured are deemed to be damages because of bodily injury or property damage, provided liability for that party's defense was also assumed in the same insured contract and the fees and expenses are for defense of that party against a civil or alternative dispute resolution proceeding in which damages to which the insurance applies are alleged.
   • Coverage A exclusion c. Liquor Liability removes bodily injury or property damage for which any insured may be held liable by reason of causing or contributing to the intoxication of any person, the furnishing of alcoholic beverages to a person under the legal drinking age or under the influence of alcohol, or any statute, ordinance or regulation relating to the sale, gift, distribution or use of alcoholic beverages.
   • The Liquor Liability exclusion states that it applies even if the claims allege negligence or other wrongdoing in the supervision, hiring, employment, training or monitoring of others by that insured, or in providing or failing to provide transportation with respect to any person that may be under the influence of alcohol, if the occurrence involved one of the three listed grounds.
   • The Liquor Liability exclusion closes with a limiting clause stating that the exclusion applies only if the named insured is in the business of manufacturing, distributing, selling, serving or furnishing alcoholic beverages, and that permitting a person to bring alcoholic beverages on the named insured's premises for consumption on those premises, whether or not a fee is charged or a license is required for that activity, is not by itself considered the business of selling, serving or furnishing alcoholic beverages.
   • Coverage A exclusion e. Employer's Liability reaches bodily injury to an employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of employment by the insured or of performing duties related to the conduct of the insured's business, and to that employee's spouse, child, parent, brother or sister as a consequence, and applies whether the insured may be liable as an employer or in any other capacity and to any obligation to share damages with or repay someone else. The form then states that the exclusion does not apply to liability assumed by the insured under an insured contract.
   • Coverage A exclusion f. Pollution excludes bodily injury or property damage arising out of the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape of pollutants at or from premises the insured owns, occupies, rents or borrows, and at or from premises where the insured or its contractors are performing operations if the pollutants are brought on in connection with those operations, subject to stated subparagraph exceptions.
   • One stated exception to the pollution exclusion is bodily injury sustained within a building and caused by smoke, fumes, vapor or soot produced by or originating from equipment used to heat, cool or dehumidify the building.
   • Exclusion f.(2) also excludes loss, cost or expense arising out of a request, demand, order or statutory or regulatory requirement that any insured or others test for, monitor, clean up, remove, contain, treat, detoxify or neutralize pollutants, or a claim or suit by or on behalf of a governmental authority for such damages.
   • Exclusion f.(2) closes with a stated exception providing that the paragraph does not apply to liability for damages because of property damage that the insured would have in the absence of such request, demand, order or statutory or regulatory requirement, or of such claim or suit by or on behalf of a governmental authority.
   • Coverage A exclusion k. Damage To Your Product removes property damage to the insured's product arising out of it or any part of it, and carries no stated exception in this form.
   • Coverage A exclusion l. Damage To Your Work removes property damage to the insured's work arising out of it or any part of it and included in the products-completed operations hazard, and states that the exclusion does not apply if the damaged work, or the work out of which the damage arises, was performed on the named insured's behalf by a subcontractor.
   • Coverage A exclusion m. Damage To Impaired Property Or Property Not Physically Injured removes property damage to impaired property or to property that has not been physically injured arising out of a defect, deficiency, inadequacy or dangerous condition in the insured's product or work, or out of a delay or failure by the insured or anyone acting on its behalf to perform a contract or agreement in accordance with its terms, and states that the exclusion does not apply to the loss of use of other property arising out of sudden and accidental physical injury to the insured's product or work after it has been put to its intended use.
   • Coverage A exclusion n. Recall Of Products, Work Or Impaired Property removes damages claimed for any loss, cost or expense incurred by the insured or others for the loss of use, withdrawal, recall, inspection, repair, replacement, adjustment, removal or disposal of the insured's product, work or impaired property, and applies only if such product, work or property is withdrawn or recalled from the market or from use by any person or organization because of a known or suspected defect, deficiency, inadequacy or dangerous condition in it.
   • Coverage A exclusion p. Electronic Data removes damages arising out of the loss of, loss of use of, damage to, corruption of, inability to access or inability to manipulate electronic data, and states in the same paragraph that the exclusion does not apply to liability for damages because of bodily injury.
   • Coverage A exclusion i. War excludes bodily injury or property damage arising directly or indirectly out of war including undeclared or civil war, warlike action by a military force, and insurrection, rebellion, revolution, usurped power or action taken by governmental authority in hindering or defending against any of these.
   • Coverage A exclusion q. excludes bodily injury or property damage arising directly or indirectly out of any action or omission that violates or is alleged to violate the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003, the Fair Credit Reporting Act including the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act amendment, or any other similar statute, ordinance or regulation.
   • Section III Limits Of Insurance in this base form sets limits only and contains no liability deductible provision.
   • Coverage B is Personal And Advertising Injury Liability, has its own limit of insurance and its own exclusions including a pollution exclusion, and Coverage C is Medical Payments, whose payments are made regardless of fault and cannot exceed the applicable limit of insurance.

   Published: 2013-04

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2. [2]

   Commercial Insurance Guide (CDI Form 700)(opens the original record on California Department of Insurance)

   California Department of InsuranceRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: revised by the California Department of Insurance without a fixed schedule; the page carries the marker Form 700 Revised June 14, 2024ID ca-cdi-commercial-insurance-guide

   What this source supports (33)

   • The guide's glossary entry headed 'Claims Made' reads: a liability insurance policy where coverage applies to claims filed during the policy period no matter when the loss occurred subject to a retroactive inception date.
   • The guide's glossary entry headed 'Occurrence' reads: a liability insurance policy that covers claims arising out of occurrences that take place during the policy period, regardless of when the claim is filed.
   • CDI states that there are three primary coverage sections that make up a CGL policy: premises liability, products liability and completed operations.
   • CDI describes CGL coverage as comprehensive in nature, covering all hazards within the scope of the insuring agreement that are not otherwise excluded.
   • CDI states that the major exclusions under a CGL policy include intentional injury; insured contracts; liquor liability; workers compensation and employers liability; pollution; aircraft; automobile; watercraft; mobile equipment; war; care, custody, and control; damage to your work; impaired property; sistership liability; and failure to perform.
   • CDI describes specified perils as consisting of a list of each peril to be insured against, such as fire, explosion, windstorm and vandalism, and describes open perils coverage as covering all losses unless they are specifically excluded.
   • CDI states that earth movement (including earthquake) and flood are two common perils that are excluded under open perils coverage.
   • CDI describes three commercial property valuation approaches: actual cash value, agreed value, which it says waives any coinsurance penalty and pays 100 percent of the stated amount, and replacement cost, which it describes as the amount it takes to replace property with new property of like kind and quality up to the limits of insurance.
   • CDI describes coinsurance as an insurance clause that defines the amount of each loss the company pays according to the amount of insurance carried divided by the amount of insurance required, and states that a policyholder can be subject to a monetary penalty at the time of a loss where a building is not insured to value.
   • CDI states that business interruption coverage replaces lost business income after a covered loss.
   • CDI describes a Business Owners Policy (BOP) as a combination commercial policy that covers property, general liability and business interruption.
   • CDI states that when a business has had three applications turned down from a licensed commercial insurance carrier, with written documentation of the declination, it can proceed to obtain insurance from the surplus line market.
   • CDI states that a surplus line company can only be accessed through a specially licensed broker who holds a surplus line license issued by the CDI.
   • CDI states that although surplus line insurers must follow the Fair Claims Settlement Practices Regulations, the CDI has limited jurisdiction over the operation of surplus line insurers.
   • CDI states that the California Insurance Guarantee Association (CIGA), which protects claims with admitted insurers, does not apply to surplus line insurers.
   • There are three primary coverage sections that make up a CGL policy: premises liability, products liability and completed operations.
   • Premises liability covers liability for accidental injury or property damage that results from either a condition on your premises or your operations in progress, whether on or away from your premises.
   • A products liability hazard exists for any business that manufactures, sells, handles, or distributes goods or products.
   • Completed operations covers your potential liability for bodily injury or property damage that arises out of your completed work.
   • The CGL policy has separate limits of insurance for general liability, fire legal liability, products and completed operations liability, advertising and personal liability, and medical payments.
   • The page carries the line Form 700 Revised June 14, 2024.
   • The guide states that inland marine is a specialized type of property insurance that primarily covers damage to or destruction of your business property while in transport.
   • The guide states that inland marine insurance can cover a variety of transportation exposures, however it does not cover boating transportation, which is covered under ocean marine insurance.
   • The guide states that some of the most common types of coverage offered are accounts receivable insurance, consignment insurance, equipment floaters (i.e., contractors equipment), installation floaters, motor truck cargo insurance, trip transit insurance, and valuable papers (records) insurance.
   • The guide states that standard perils in inland marine may include fire, lightning, windstorm, flood, earthquake, landslide, theft, collision, derailment, overturn of the transporting vehicle, and bridge collapse.
   • The guide states that commercial property insurance can protect a business owner from some of the most common losses experienced by business owners, such as property damage, business interruption, theft, liability, and worker injury.
   • The guide states that an aggregate limit of liability is in force for the general liability, fire legal liability, advertising and personal liability, and medical payments claims.
   • The guide states that when total claims for all these areas exceed a stated annual aggregate limit of liability, the policy limits are exhausted and no more claims will be paid from the policy for the duration of the policy period.
   • The guide states that there is also a separate aggregate limit of liability in force for products and completed operations liability claims.
   • The guide defines split limits as the technique for expressing limits of liability coverage under a particular insurance policy by stating separate limits for different types of claims growing out of a single event or combination of events.
   • The guide states that if a building is not insured to value the insured can be subject to a monetary penalty at the time of a loss, commonly referred to as coinsurance, and defines coinsurance as an insurance clause that defines the amount of each loss that the company pays according to the amount of insurance carried, divided by the amount of insurance required.
   • The guide states that the California Insurance Guarantee Association (CIGA), which protects claims with admitted insurers, does not apply to surplus line insurers.
   • The guide states that while surplus line companies are not licensed by the CDI, they do have to go through an approval process that includes providing evidence of minimum capital and surplus requirements.

   Fetched 2026-08-31 and both glossary entries read off the page. The '?page=3' query parameter used in the earlier draft is inert and has been dropped from the URL. publishedDate is taken from the page's own 'Form 700 Revised June 14, 2024' marker. This is a consumer guide glossary and the weakest authority in the bundle; it is cited only for the two trigger definitions. It does not address retroactive dates, extended reporting periods, or which lines are written on which trigger. Published: 2024-06-14 Effective: 2024-06-14

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3. [3]

   Commercial general liability insurance (consumer publication)(opens the original record on Texas Department of Insurance)

   Texas Department of InsuranceRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction TXLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: TDI updates its consumer publications periodically; the page fetched on 2026-08-31 showed 'Last updated 1/20/2021'.ID tdi-cgl-guide

   What this source supports (5)

   • TDI states that occurrence policies cover claims arising from injury or damage occurring while the policy is in force, regardless of when the claim is first made.
   • TDI states that claims-made policies cover claims that arise from injury or damage occurring during the policy period and reported to the insurer during the policy period.
   • TDI lists common commercial general liability exclusions including damage to your work, damage to your product, contractual liability, recall of products, work, or impaired property, and workers' compensation and employer's liability, and also discusses pollution exclusions.
   • Writing about surplus lines insurance, TDI states that defense costs could be included within the limit of liability, and that prior acts or run-off coverage may not be available.
   • TDI advises policyholders to carefully review their policy and any endorsements to know exactly what the policy does and does not cover.

   Fetched 2026-08-31; last-updated date of 1/20/2021 confirmed on the page. This is Texas regulator guidance and is cited in this bundle for how the mechanisms work, not as California law. Note that TDI's claims-made description (injury during the policy period and reported during the policy period) is narrower than the NAIC description, so the two are cited separately rather than stacked on one sentence. The page does not discuss per-occurrence versus aggregate limits or sub-limits, and is not cited for those. Published: 2021-01-20 Effective: 2021-01-20

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4. [4]

   Insurance Requirements - California Department of Motor Vehicles(opens the original record on California Department of Motor Vehicles)

   California Department of Motor VehiclesRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Re-verify annually and after each legislative session.ID ca-dmv-insurance-requirements

   What this source supports (2)

   • The California DMV lists the current minimum liability insurance amounts as $30,000 for injury or death to one person, $60,000 for injury or death to more than one person, and $15,000 for damage to property.
   • The California DMV states that the financial responsibility requirement may also be met by a $75,000 cash deposit with the DMV, by a DMV-issued self-insurance certificate, or by a $75,000 surety bond from a company licensed to do business in California.

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5. [5]

   Auto insurance guide (CB020) - Texas Department of Insurance(opens the original record on Texas Department of Insurance)

   Texas Department of InsuranceRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction TXLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: TDI revises its consumer guides periodically; re-verify annually and after each legislative session.ID tdi-auto-guide

   What this source supports (5)

   • TDI states that Texas law requires at least $30,000 of coverage for injuries per person, up to a total of $60,000 per accident, and $25,000 of coverage for property damage.
   • TDI states that all auto policies in Texas include personal injury protection coverage, and that a policyholder who does not want it must tell the company in writing.
   • TDI states that insurance companies must offer uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage, and that a policyholder who does not want it must tell the company in writing.
   • The guide carries a last updated date of December 11, 2025.
   • The guide states no effective date for the minimum amounts.

   Published: 2025-12-11

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6. [6]

   Consumer's Guide to Commercial Liability Insurance (PI-045)(opens the original record on Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of Insurance)

   Wisconsin Office of the Commissioner of InsuranceRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction WILast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Revised periodically; the edition retrieved on 2026-08-31 carries the footer PI-045 (R 08/2026).ID wi-oci-pi-045-commercial-liability-guide

   What this source supports (4)

   • Errors and Omissions coverage, also known as professional liability, is available for numerous types of professionals, and the coverage protects professional people or organizations from claims arising from failing to render professional services to their clients as expected of a person in their profession.
   • A policy written on an occurrence basis covers losses that arise from incidents occurring during the policy term, while a policy written on a claims-made basis covers losses that arise from incidents occurring during the policy term but only if the claim is made during the policy term.
   • Product coverage is to protect against losses arising out of the manufacturing, selling, handling, or distribution of a product, and completed operations coverage protects against claims arising out of services performed by a business, such as a building contractor.
   • The guide advises commercial buyers to know if their policy is written on an occurrence or claims-made basis.

   PDF retrieved and text extracted with pdftotext on 2026-08-31. Every page footer reads PI-045 (R 08/2026), so this is a newer edition than the R 12/2024 printing; publishedDate records the month and year the document itself prints, not a day. The guide's claims-made description is simplified and does not discuss retroactive dates, so it is not relied on for retroactive date mechanics. Published: 2026-08

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7. [7]

   Insurance Clauses - Professional Liability/Errors and Omissions(opens the original record on Oregon Department of Administrative Services, Risk Management)

   Oregon Department of Administrative Services, Risk ManagementSecondarySecondaryJurisdiction ORLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Maintained as standing contracting guidance by the state risk management office; no revision date is shown on the page.ID or-das-professional-liability-clauses

   What this source supports (6)

   • The page describes professional liability and errors and omissions coverage as covering liability resulting from errors and omissions or mistakes made in performance of professional services or judgment.
   • Most policies cover economic losses, failure to perform, error or omission of product or service, and contract disputes.
   • Professional Liability and Errors and Omissions insurance policies are generally issued on a claims made basis, and the page directs staff to require tail coverage for all claims made coverage.
   • The model contract clause requires either an extended reporting period of not less than 24 months, or that the contractor maintain tail coverage or continuous claims made liability coverage for a stated minimum period after the contract work is completed or terminated.
   • Many times, it is appropriate to require both Professional Liability and Commercial General Liability Coverage, and when a professional liability insurer denies the claim the state may be able to recover the loss under the commercial general liability coverage.
   • Coverage is specific to the nature of the profession; for attorneys, the Oregon State Bar Professional Liability Fund provides $300,000 aggregate limits of coverage, and participation in this program is mandatory for all attorneys engaged in private practice whose principal office is in Oregon.

   Fetched and read in full on 2026-08-31. Publisher caveat: DAS Risk Management is a state risk-management and contracting office, not an insurance regulator, so this page states government purchasing practice and general descriptions rather than insurance law. authorityLevel is set to secondary for that reason. The Oregon State Bar Professional Liability Fund statement is specific to Oregon attorneys in private practice and says nothing about other professions or other states. Re-verified on 2026-08-31: the page does carry the sentences 'A Professional Liability policy only covers the acts of the insured (professional). This type of policy will never name another person or entity as additional insured.' That absolute was previously repeated in this entry as a rule about the professional liability line. It has been removed from the prose and from this claims array, because a state purchasing office asserting a blanket never is not evidence of what every professional liability form does, no policy form in this entry addresses additional insured status on a professional liability policy, and none was located that would support the general statement. Additional insured treatment on either line is therefore left to the endorsements actually attached to the policy in hand.

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8. [8]

   The CGL and the Professional Liability Exclusion(opens the original record on International Risk Management Institute (IRMI), expert commentary by Craig Stanovich)

   International Risk Management Institute (IRMI), expert commentary by Craig StanovichSecondarySecondaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Expert commentary article dated April 1, 2014; no stated update cadence and no visible revision since.ID irmi-cgl-professional-liability-exclusion

   What this source supports (3)

   • The article states that each of the endorsements CG 22 43, CG 22 79 and CG 22 80 is materially different in the scope of the coverage eliminated, and that these endorsements are generally intended to remove coverage from the contractor's CGL policy for engineering, architectural, or surveying services.
   • The article states that the endorsement CG 22 43 is no longer intended by ISO to be used with contractors engaged in construction operations.
   • The article states that CG 22 80 is aimed at design-build contractors.

   Fetched and read on 2026-08-31; the full article is publicly readable. Author Craig Stanovich, dated April 1, 2014. Used only to describe differences among the filed exclusion endorsements; the operative wording of CG 22 43 04 13 and CG 22 79 04 13 was independently verified by extracting and reading those forms. The article does not state an underwriting, pricing, or coverage-intent rationale for why the professional services exclusion exists, so no such rationale is attributed to it. CG 22 80 itself was not retrieved, so every CG 22 80 statement in this entry rests on this single 2014 secondary source and is labeled as such in the prose. Published: 2014-04-01

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9. [9]

   California Labor Code section 3700(opens the original record on California Legislative Information (Legislative Counsel of California))

   California Legislative Information (Legislative Counsel of California)Primary lawPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by the Legislature; check leginfo for the current text each session.ID lab-3700

   What this source supports (5)

   • The section opens: Every employer except the state shall secure the payment of compensation in one or more of the following ways.
   • One listed method is being insured against liability to pay compensation by one or more insurers duly authorized to write compensation insurance in California.
   • Another listed method is securing from the Director of Industrial Relations a certificate of consent to self-insure, either as an individual employer or as one employer in a group of employers.
   • A further listed method applies to political subdivisions and public entities, which may secure a certificate of consent to self-insure against workers compensation claims.
   • The section as displayed carries the amendment note: Amended by Stats. 2002, Ch. 905, Sec. 10. Effective January 1, 2003.

   Effective: 2003-01-01

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10. [10]

    Answers to frequently asked questions about workers' compensation for employers(opens the original record on California Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Workers' Compensation)

    California Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Workers' CompensationRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Updated periodically by DIR; the penalty figures are statutory and can change by amendment, so re-check before each content review.ID dir-dwc-employer-faqs

    What this source supports (11)

    • DIR states that all California employers must provide workers' compensation benefits to their employees under California Labor Code Section 3700.
    • DIR states that Section 3700.5 of the California Labor Code makes failing to have workers' compensation coverage a misdemeanor punishable by either a fine of not less than $10,000 or imprisonment in the county jail for up to one year, or both.
    • DIR states that the state issues penalties of up to $100,000 against illegally uninsured employers.
    • DIR states that a stop order can be issued prohibiting the use of employee labor until coverage is obtained, and that violation of the stop order is itself punishable by imprisonment in the county jail for up to 60 days or a fine of up to $10,000, or both.
    • DIR states that additional civil penalties can reach $10,000 per employee where there is a compensable claim, or $2,000 per employee where there is no compensable claim, up to a maximum of $100,000.
    • DIR states that State Fund is a state-operated entity that exists in order to transact workers' compensation on a non-profit basis, competes with private workers' compensation insurance companies for business, and also operates as the insurer of last resort if private companies are not willing to offer workers' compensation insurance.
    • The page states that all California employers must provide workers' compensation benefits to their employees under California Labor Code Section 3700.
    • The page states that executive officers and directors of corporations must be included in workers' compensation coverage, unless the corporation is fully owned by the directors and officers, and that if the directors and officers fully own the corporation then they may elect to be excluded from workers' compensation benefits.
    • The page states that Section 3700.5 of the California Labor Code makes it a misdemeanor punishable by either a fine of not less than $10,000 or imprisonment in the county jail for up to one year, or both.
    • The page states that a stop order prohibits the use of employee labor until coverage is obtained, and that failure to observe it is a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in the county jail for up to 60 days, or by a fine of up to $10,000, or both.
    • The page states that penalties of up to $100,000 are issued against illegally uninsured employers, calculated as either twice the amount of unpaid premium or $1,500 per employee, whichever is greater.

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11. [11]

    ISO form CG 20 10, edition 04 13, Additional Insured - Owners, Lessees Or Contractors - Scheduled Person Or Organization(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of Texas)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of TexasStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction n/aLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: ISO revises commercial general liability endorsement editions periodically; the 12 19 edition is later than this one.ID iso-cg-20-10-04-13

    What this source supports (7)

    • The form carries the designation CG 20 10 04 13 and the footer 'Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2012'.
    • The 04 13 edition already contains both Paragraph A provisos found in the 12 19 edition: that the insurance afforded to such additional insured 'only applies to the extent permitted by law', and that where coverage is required by a contract or agreement the insurance 'will not be broader than that which you are required by the contract or agreement to provide for such additional insured.'
    • The 04 13 edition contains the same two Paragraph B post-completion exclusions and the same Paragraph C lesser-of cap structure as the 12 19 edition, with a different limits reference: 04 13 reads 'Available under the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations' and 'This endorsement shall not increase the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations.'
    • CG 20 10 04 13 states that Section II Who Is An Insured is amended to include as an additional insured the person or organization shown in its Schedule, but only with respect to liability for bodily injury, property damage or personal and advertising injury caused, in whole or in part, by the named insured's acts or omissions or the acts or omissions of those acting on the named insured's behalf, in the performance of the named insured's ongoing operations for the additional insured at the location designated in the Schedule.
    • The endorsement states that the insurance afforded to such additional insured only applies to the extent permitted by law, and that if coverage provided to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the insurance afforded will not be broader than that which the named insured is required by the contract or agreement to provide.
    • The endorsement adds exclusions applicable to the additional insured for bodily injury or property damage occurring after all work on the project at the location of the covered operations has been completed, or after that portion of the named insured's work out of which the injury or damage arises has been put to its intended use by any person or organization other than another contractor or subcontractor engaged in performing operations for a principal as a part of the same project.
    • The endorsement adds to Section III Limits Of Insurance that where coverage provided to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the most the insurer will pay on behalf of the additional insured is the amount of insurance required by the contract or agreement, or the amount available under the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations, whichever is less, and that the endorsement shall not increase the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations.

    Downloaded 2026-08-31; the URL returns a PDF, converted with pdftotext -layout and read in full (two pages). Clean, unaltered reproduction. The posting organization is a state agents trade association, not ISO. Cited only to support the edition-to-edition comparison in the variability section; the edition designation gives month and year only, so publishedDate is left unknown. Published: 2013-04

    Active
12. [12]

    ISO form CG 20 10, edition 12 19, Additional Insured - Owners, Lessees Or Contractors - Scheduled Person Or Organization(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the New York State Office of General Services)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the New York State Office of General ServicesStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction n/aLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: ISO revises commercial general liability endorsement editions periodically; a later edition may supersede the 12 19 edition.ID iso-cg-20-10-12-19

    What this source supports (6)

    • The form carries the designation CG 20 10 12 19, modifies insurance provided under the Commercial General Liability Coverage Part, and carries the footer 'Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2018'.
    • Paragraph A states that Section II - Who Is An Insured is amended to include as an additional insured the person(s) or organization(s) shown in the Schedule, but only with respect to liability for 'bodily injury', 'property damage' or 'personal and advertising injury' caused, in whole or in part, by your acts or omissions or the acts or omissions of those acting on your behalf, in the performance of your ongoing operations for the additional insured(s) at the location(s) designated above.
    • Paragraph A adds two provisos: the insurance afforded to such additional insured 'only applies to the extent permitted by law'; and if coverage provided to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the insurance afforded 'will not be broader than that which you are required by the contract or agreement to provide for such additional insured.'
    • Paragraph B adds exclusions stating that this insurance does not apply to 'bodily injury' or 'property damage' occurring after (1) all work, including materials, parts or equipment furnished in connection with such work, on the project (other than service, maintenance or repairs) to be performed by or on behalf of the additional insured(s) at the location of the covered operations has been completed, or (2) that portion of 'your work' out of which the injury or damage arises has been put to its intended use by any person or organization other than another contractor or subcontractor engaged in performing operations for a principal as a part of the same project.
    • Paragraph C provides that where coverage to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the most the insurer will pay on behalf of the additional insured is the amount of insurance required by the contract or agreement, or available under the applicable limits of insurance, whichever is less, and that the endorsement shall not increase the applicable limits of insurance.
    • The Schedule has two columns: 'Name Of Additional Insured Person(s) Or Organization(s)' and 'Location(s) Of Covered Operations'.

    Downloaded 2026-08-31; the URL returns a PDF, converted with pdftotext -layout and read in full (two pages). This is a clean, unaltered reproduction of the ISO form; the posting agency is New York State OGS, not ISO. The edition designation gives month and year (12 19) but no day, so publishedDate is left unknown rather than asserting a day the form does not state. In the extracted text the form's section dash renders as an en dash; it is written here as an ASCII hyphen.

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13. [13]

    Certificates of Insurance Frequently Asked Questions(opens the original record on Texas Department of Insurance)

    Texas Department of InsuranceRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction TXLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Revised by TDI as the agency updates its guidance; the page displays its own last-updated date.ID tdi-certificates-of-insurance-faq

    What this source supports (4)

    • TDI answers 'No' to whether a certificate holder can be named as an additional insured on the certificate absent a policy endorsement naming it, adding that the certificate can state that the policy contains a Blanket Additional Insured endorsement.
    • TDI states that you should check the 'Additional Insured' box if the policy includes an endorsement that names the certificate holder as an additional insured.
    • TDI states that a certificate holder may not use the 'Certificate Holder' box to imply or confer any new or additional rights beyond what the policy or any executed endorsement of insurance provides.
    • TDI states that certificates cannot say anything on them that is not the same as what is stated in the insurance policy.

    Fetched 2026-08-31. The page displays 'Last updated: 10/31/2022', which is recorded as publishedDate. The four claims correspond to numbered FAQ items 1, 15, 19 and 26. The page does not describe how any particular blanket additional insured form operates or to whom it extends status. Published: 2022-10-31

    Active
14. [14]

    ISO form CG 20 37, edition 04 13, Additional Insured - Owners, Lessees Or Contractors - Completed Operations(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of Texas)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of TexasStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction n/aLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: ISO revises commercial general liability endorsement editions periodically; the 12 19 edition is later than this one.ID iso-cg-20-37-04-13

    What this source supports (6)

    • The form carries the designation CG 20 37 04 13 and the footer 'Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2012'.
    • The 04 13 edition already contains both Paragraph A provisos found in the 12 19 edition: that the insurance afforded to such additional insured 'only applies to the extent permitted by law', and that where coverage is required by a contract or agreement the insurance 'will not be broader than that which you are required by the contract or agreement to provide for such additional insured.'
    • The 04 13 edition contains the same Paragraph B lesser-of cap structure as the 12 19 edition, with a different limits reference: 04 13 reads 'Available under the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations' and 'This endorsement shall not increase the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations.'
    • CG 20 37 04 13 states that Section II Who Is An Insured is amended to include as an additional insured the person or organization shown in its Schedule, but only with respect to liability for bodily injury or property damage caused, in whole or in part, by the named insured's work at the location designated and described in the Schedule of the endorsement and included in the products-completed operations hazard.
    • The endorsement states that the insurance afforded to such additional insured only applies to the extent permitted by law, and that if coverage provided to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the insurance afforded will not be broader than that which the named insured is required by the contract or agreement to provide.
    • The endorsement adds to Section III Limits Of Insurance that where coverage provided to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the most the insurer will pay on behalf of the additional insured is the amount of insurance required by the contract or agreement, or the amount available under the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations, whichever is less, and that the endorsement shall not increase the applicable Limits of Insurance shown in the Declarations.

    Downloaded 2026-08-31; the URL returns a one-page PDF, converted with pdftotext -layout and read in full. Clean, unaltered reproduction. The posting organization is a state agents trade association, not ISO. Cited only to support the edition-to-edition comparison in the variability section. Published: 2013-04

    Active
15. [15]

    ISO form CG 20 37, edition 12 19, Additional Insured - Owners, Lessees Or Contractors - Completed Operations(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the New York State Office of General Services)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the New York State Office of General ServicesStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction n/aLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: ISO revises commercial general liability endorsement editions periodically; a later edition may supersede the 12 19 edition.ID iso-cg-20-37-12-19

    What this source supports (5)

    • The form carries the designation CG 20 37 12 19, is titled 'Additional Insured - Owners, Lessees Or Contractors - Completed Operations', modifies insurance provided under both the Commercial General Liability Coverage Part and the Products/Completed Operations Liability Coverage Part, and carries the footer 'Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2018'.
    • Paragraph A states that Section II - Who Is An Insured is amended to include as an additional insured the person(s) or organization(s) shown in the Schedule, but only with respect to liability for 'bodily injury' or 'property damage' caused, in whole or in part, by 'your work' at the location designated and described in the Schedule of the endorsement performed for that additional insured and included in the 'products-completed operations hazard'.
    • Paragraph A adds two provisos: the insurance afforded to such additional insured 'only applies to the extent permitted by law'; and if coverage provided to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the insurance afforded 'will not be broader than that which you are required by the contract or agreement to provide for such additional insured.'
    • Paragraph B provides that where coverage to the additional insured is required by a contract or agreement, the most the insurer will pay on behalf of the additional insured is the amount of insurance required by the contract or agreement, or available under the applicable limits of insurance, whichever is less, and that the endorsement shall not increase the applicable limits of insurance.
    • The Schedule has two columns: 'Name Of Additional Insured Person(s) Or Organization(s)' and 'Location And Description Of Completed Operations'.

    Downloaded 2026-08-31; the URL returns a one-page PDF, converted with pdftotext -layout and read in full. Clean, unaltered reproduction; posted by New York State OGS, not by ISO. The edition designation gives month and year only, so publishedDate is left unknown. A prior draft listed a claim that the two grants are distinct; that is an inference drawn by comparing this form with CG 20 10 and is not text printed on either form, so it has been removed from this source's claims.

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16. [16]

    Acceptable Waiver Of Subrogation Endorsements (municipal sample packet reproducing CG 24 04 05 09 and WC 04 03 06)(opens the original record on City of Sierra Madre, California)

    City of Sierra Madre, CaliforniaSecondarySecondaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: The city may revise its sample packet at any time; the underlying forms are revised by their own filers.ID sierra-madre-waiver-of-subrogation-sample-packet

    What this source supports (3)

    • The packet reproduces ISO form CG 24 04 05 09, 'Waiver Of Transfer Of Rights Of Recovery Against Others To Us', which adds the following to Paragraph 8, Transfer Of Rights Of Recovery Against Others To Us, of Section IV - Conditions: 'We waive any right of recovery we may have against the person or organization shown in the Schedule above because of payments we make for injury or damage arising out of your ongoing operations or "your work" done under a contract with that person or organization and included in the "products-completed operations hazard". This waiver applies only to the person or organization shown in the Schedule above.' The reproduced form carries the footer 'Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2008'.
    • The packet reproduces form WC 04 03 06 (Ed. 04/84), 'Waiver Of Our Right To Recover From Others Endorsement - California', which carries the same waiver sentence as WC 00 03 13 and adds: 'You must maintain payroll records accurately segregating the remuneration of your employees while engaged in the work described in the Schedule' and 'The additional premium for this endorsement shall be _____% of the California workers compensation premium otherwise due on such remuneration.' The percentage is a blank field on the form; no figure is stated.
    • The packet presents waiver of subrogation endorsements under their own heading, separate from additional insured endorsements, and describes CG 24 04 as providing 'a specific waiver of subrogation for the designated person or organization, barring suit by the company which assumes the insured's rights after loss payment.'

    Downloaded 2026-08-31; converted with pdftotext -layout and read. This is a municipal sample packet, not a standards-body publication: every reproduced form is overprinted with the word SAMPLE and has 'City of Sierra Madre' inserted into the Schedule, and the overprint leaves visible artifacts in the extracted text. authorityLevel is therefore 'secondary' and primary is false. It is cited here only for the text of CG 24 04 05 09 and WC 04 03 06, for which no cleaner accessible copy was located on 2026-08-31; WC 00 03 13 is cited instead to a clean rating bureau copy. A cleaner filing-repository or regulator posting for these two forms would be a worthwhile replacement.

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17. [17]

    Insurance requirements(opens the original record on Public Health - Seattle & King County)

    Public Health - Seattle & King CountySecondarySecondaryJurisdiction WALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Standing contract requirements page; no revision date is shown on the page.ID kingcounty-insurance-requirements

    What this source supports (4)

    • The page requires commercial general liability insurance of $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 in the aggregate for bodily injury, personal and advertising injury and property damage, with coverage at least as broad as that afforded under ISO form number CG 00 01 current edition or its substantive equivalent.
    • In the event that services delivered pursuant to the contract either directly or indirectly involve or require professional services, Professional Liability, Errors, and Omissions coverage shall be provided, at $1,000,000 per claim and in the aggregate.
    • Each insurance policy shall be written on an occurrence basis or form, except that insurance on a claims made basis or form may be acceptable with prior County approval.
    • If coverage is approved and purchased on a claims made basis or form, the contractor warrants continuation of coverage, either through policy renewals or the purchase of an extended discovery period, if such extended coverage is available, for not less than three years from the date of contract termination and/or conversion from a claims made form to an occurrence coverage form.

    Fetched and read in full on 2026-08-31. Publisher caveat: this is a county contracting authority, not an insurance regulator, and these requirements apply only to its own contracts, so authorityLevel is set to secondary. Used to show that a real public contract can require both coverages and treats the occurrence versus claims made distinction as material. The page itself uses an en dash in its name; the ASCII hyphen is used here.

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18. [18]

    ISO form CG 20 01, edition 04 13, Primary And Noncontributory - Other Insurance Condition(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of Texas)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text), posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of TexasStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction n/aLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: ISO revises commercial general liability endorsement editions periodically; a later edition may supersede the 04 13 edition.ID iso-cg-20-01-04-13

    What this source supports (6)

    • The form carries the designation CG 20 01 04 13, is titled 'Primary And Noncontributory - Other Insurance Condition', modifies insurance provided under the Commercial General Liability Coverage Part and the Products/Completed Operations Liability Coverage Part, and carries the footer 'Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2012'.
    • The form states that the following is added to the Other Insurance Condition 'and supersedes any provision to the contrary'.
    • The added language reads: 'This insurance is primary to and will not seek contribution from any other insurance available to an additional insured under your policy provided that: (1) The additional insured is a Named Insured under such other insurance; and (2) You have agreed in writing in a contract or agreement that this insurance would be primary and would not seek contribution from any other insurance available to the additional insured.'
    • CG 20 01 04 13 is a separate endorsement from the additional insured endorsements CG 20 10 and CG 20 37.
    • CG 20 01 04 13 is titled Primary And Noncontributory - Other Insurance Condition and modifies the Commercial General Liability Coverage Part and the Products/Completed Operations Liability Coverage Part.
    • The endorsement adds to the Other Insurance Condition, and supersedes any provision to the contrary, that this insurance is primary to and will not seek contribution from any other insurance available to an additional insured under the policy, provided that the additional insured is a Named Insured under such other insurance and the named insured has agreed in writing in a contract or agreement that this insurance would be primary and would not seek contribution from any other insurance available to the additional insured.

    Downloaded 2026-08-31; the URL returns a one-page PDF, converted with pdftotext -layout and read in full. Clean, unaltered reproduction of the ISO form; the posting organization is a state agents trade association, not ISO. This replaces an earlier draft citation to a City of Hayward sample copy of the same form, which was a municipal sample rather than a clean form reproduction and which had been used to support a generalization about California public agencies that a single city sample cannot carry. Published: 2013-04

    Active
19. [19]

    Approved Certificates of Insurance(opens the original record on New York State Department of Financial Services)

    New York State Department of Financial ServicesRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction NYLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: DFS adds form editions as ACORD publishes them and DFS approves them.ID nydfs-approved-certificates

    What this source supports (6)

    • The form titled Certificate of Liability Insurance is ACORD 25.
    • The form titled Certificate of Property Insurance is ACORD 24.
    • The form titled Evidence of Property Insurance is ACORD 27.
    • The form titled Evidence of Commercial Property Insurance is ACORD 28.
    • The form titled Evidence of Flood Insurance is ACORD 29.
    • Each of these forms appears on the New York Department of Financial Services list of approved certificates of insurance, with multiple approved editions listed for several of them.

    Fetched on 2026-08-31 and confirmed the form numbers and titles against the page's table. The page notes that ACORD certificate content is copyrighted, so no form wording is reproduced. This page establishes form numbers and titles and the fact of New York approval; it does not state what any lender requires.

    Active
20. [20]

    Minnesota Statutes Section 60A.39 (Certificates of Insurance)(opens the original record on Minnesota Office of the Revisor of Statutes)

    Minnesota Office of the Revisor of StatutesPrimary lawPrimaryJurisdiction MNLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by legislation; re-check the revisor page before each publication cycle.ID mn-stat-60a-39

    What this source supports (3)

    • Minnesota Statutes Section 60A.39, subdivision 1, provides that a certificate of insurance is a document that provides evidence of property or liability insurance coverage and the amount of insurance issued, and does not convey any contractual rights to the certificate holder.
    • Subdivision 2 bars an insurer or licensed producer from issuing a certificate of insurance or other document that affirmatively or negatively amends, extends, or alters the coverage provided by an approved policy, form, or endorsement without the written approval of the commissioner.
    • Subdivision 3 requires a certificate or memorandum of insurance issued to a party other than the policyholder to contain the statement that the certificate or memorandum of insurance does not affirmatively or negatively amend, extend, or alter the coverage afforded by the insurance policy.

    Active
21. [21]

    Certificates of insurance (contractor licensing guidance)(opens the original record on Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry)

    Minnesota Department of Labor and IndustryRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction MNLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Agency web page; re-check annually.ID mn-dli-certificates-of-insurance

    What this source supports (3)

    • The Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry states that the ACORD 25 certificate of liability insurance form, or a similar form filed with the Minnesota Department of Commerce, can be used to provide evidence of general liability insurance coverage.
    • The department states that the form can also be used to report workers' compensation insurance coverage.
    • The department requires a certificate to be submitted with an application form, a renewal form, or when updating general liability insurance coverage.

    Active
22. [22]

    Coverage Insights: What Are Loss Runs?(opens the original record on Hylant Group, Inc. (insurance brokerage))

    Hylant Group, Inc. (insurance brokerage)SecondarySecondaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Blog post; not revised on a published schedule.ID hylant-loss-runs

    What this source supports (1)

    • Hylant, an insurance brokerage, writes that underwriters will often require organizations to submit loss runs for the past three to five years.

    Fetched today and the three to five years sentence confirmed verbatim. This is a broker's description of common market practice, not a legal or filed requirement, and the prose says so in those words. It is one of only two sources in this bundle that speak to what underwriters commonly request, and both are secondary voices, which is why the entry's confidence is contextual rather than established. Published: 2023-07-12

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23. [23]

    OGC Opinion No. 03-07-35: Claims Made and Reported Policies(opens the original record on New York State Department of Financial Services, Office of General Counsel (issued by the then New York State Insurance Department))

    New York State Department of Financial Services, Office of General Counsel (issued by the then New York State Insurance Department)RegulatorSecondaryJurisdiction NYLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: one-time opinion letter; the Department does not routinely revisit or annotate archived OGC opinionsID ny-dfs-ogc-03-07-35

    What this source supports (3)

    • States that a claims-made and reported policy requires that the claim and the reporting of the claim to the insurer both take place during the same policy term.
    • States that authorized insurers are not permitted to write such policies chiefly because of the risk of gaps in coverage inherent in such policies.
    • Concludes that a claims-made and reported policy may not be issued in New York except by an unauthorized insurer through an excess line broker.

    Fetched twice on 2026-08-31; opinion number, July 31, 2003 date, and the quoted language confirmed on the page. This is an informal Office of General Counsel opinion letter, not a regulation, and it is 23 years old. The page carries no currency or supersession disclaimer, which means its continued accuracy is not affirmed by the page itself. Cited in this bundle as a 2003 regulator opinion, not as a standing legal rule. Published: 2003-07-31

    Active
24. [24]

    Prior acts coverage (glossary of insurance and risk management terms)(opens the original record on International Risk Management Institute, Inc. (IRMI))

    International Risk Management Institute, Inc. (IRMI)SecondarySecondaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: glossary entries are revised by the publisher without a fixed scheduleID irmi-prior-acts-coverage

    What this source supports (1)

    • Defines prior acts coverage as a feature of claims-made policies that have either no retroactive date or a retroactive date earlier than the inception date of the policy.

    Fetched 2026-08-31; the definition was read off the page. IRMI is a commercial insurance reference publisher, not a regulator, so this is cited only to attribute an industry term of art and never for a legal requirement or a coverage outcome. The page shows no publication or revision date.

    Active
25. [25]

    Exclusion - Designated Professional Services, endorsement CG 21 16 04 13 (ISO)(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text); posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of Texas InfoCentral)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (form text); posted by the Independent Insurance Agents of Texas InfoCentralStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: ISO revises endorsements periodically; other professional services exclusion endorsements with different scope also exist.ID iso-cg-21-16-04-13

    What this source supports (3)

    • Endorsement CG 21 16 04 13 adds an exclusion to Coverage A and Coverage B of the Commercial General Liability Coverage Part stating that the insurance does not apply to bodily injury, property damage, or personal and advertising injury due to the rendering of or failure to render any professional service.
    • The exclusion applies only with respect to the professional services shown in the endorsement's Schedule, which is completed for the individual policy.
    • The endorsement states that the exclusion applies even if the claims against any insured allege negligence or other wrongdoing in the supervision, hiring, employment, training or monitoring of others by that insured, if the occurrence or offense which caused the bodily injury or property damage, or the offense which caused the personal and advertising injury, involved the rendering of or failure to render any professional service.

    Published: 2013-04

    Active
26. [26]

    Exclusion - Contractors - Professional Liability, Form CG 22 79 04 13(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (specimen published publicly by the New York State Office of General Services))

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (specimen published publicly by the New York State Office of General Services)Standards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Advisory endorsement revised on multi-year cycles; the 04 13 edition is the one reviewed.ID iso-cg-22-79-04-13

    What this source supports (3)

    • The endorsement excludes bodily injury, property damage or personal and advertising injury arising out of the rendering of or failure to render any professional services by you or on your behalf, but only with respect to providing engineering, architectural or surveying services to others in your capacity as an engineer, architect or surveyor, and providing, or hiring independent professionals to provide, engineering, architectural or surveying services in connection with construction work you perform.
    • Paragraph 3 states that professional services do not include services within construction means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures employed by you in connection with your operations in your capacity as a construction contractor.
    • The exclusion applies even if the claims against any insured allege negligence or other wrongdoing in the supervision, hiring, employment, training or monitoring of others by that insured, if the occurrence or offense involved the rendering of or failure to render any professional services by you or on your behalf with respect to the operations described in the endorsement.

    PDF retrieved on 2026-08-31 and the complete one-page endorsement extracted with pdftotext and read in full. Header reads COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY CG 22 79 04 13, footer reads CG 22 79 04 13, Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2012, Page 1 of 1. The form prints only the edition designation 04 13, so publishedDate and effectiveDate record month and year, not a day. Any comparison of this endorsement's breadth against CG 22 43 is an inference and is not text on the form, so comparative statements are attributed to the secondary commentary instead. Published: 2013-04 Effective: 2013-04

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27. [27]

    Workers' Compensation Requirements(opens the original record on California Contractors State License Board)

    California Contractors State License BoardRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Agency web page; re-check at least annually and around CSLB rule changes.ID cslb-workers-comp-requirements

    What this source supports (5)

    • CSLB requires licensees with an active license, licensees reactivating an inactive license, and applicants for an active contractor license to provide a valid Certificate of Workers' Compensation Insurance or a valid Certification of Self-Insurance from the Department of Industrial Relations, or to file a signed exemption certifying they have no employees.
    • CSLB states that all active C-8 Concrete, C-20 Warm-Air Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning, C-22 Asbestos Abatement, C-39 Roofing, and C-61/D-49 Tree Service contractors are required to carry workers compensation insurance or hold a valid Certification of Self-Insurance whether or not they have employees.
    • CSLB requires the workers compensation certificate to list CSLB as the certificate holder, the contractor's business name and license or application fee number, the policy number, the policy effective and expiration dates, and the signature of an authorized representative.
    • CSLB states an exemption cannot be filed by a licensee who employs anyone subject to California workers compensation law, who has a Responsible Managing Employee, or who holds one of the classifications requiring mandatory coverage.
    • CSLB states that when an exempt licensee hires an employee, proof of workers compensation coverage must be received at CSLB headquarters within 90 days of the hire, and that failure to do so results in license suspension.

    Active
28. [28]

    California Labor Code section 3352(opens the original record on California Legislative Information (Legislative Counsel of California))

    California Legislative Information (Legislative Counsel of California)Primary lawPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by the Legislature; check leginfo for the current text each session.ID lab-3352

    What this source supports (6)

    • The section excludes from the definition of employee an officer or member of the board of directors of a quasi-public or private corporation who owns at least 10 percent of the issued and outstanding stock, or at least 1 percent if that officer's or member's parent, grandparent, sibling, spouse, or child owns at least 10 percent, who is covered by a health insurance policy or health care service plan, and who executes a written waiver of rights under the chapter stating under penalty of perjury that the person is a qualifying officer or director.
    • The waiver is effective upon the date of receipt and acceptance by the corporation's insurance carrier, and the carrier may elect to backdate the acceptance of the waiver up to 15 days prior to the date of receipt.
    • The section provides a conclusive presumption that a person who executes a waiver under that subdivision is not covered by workers compensation benefits.
    • An officer or director of a private corporation who is the sole shareholder of that corporation is excluded from the definition of employee unless the officer, director, or corporation has elected to be subject to liability for workers compensation under subdivision (a) of Section 4151.
    • The section contains many other exclusions from the definition of employee with their own conditions, including certain persons employed by a parent, spouse, or child, certain persons employed for limited hours or limited earnings, certain volunteers, general partners and managing members, owners of professional corporations, and officers and directors of cooperative corporations.
    • The section as displayed carries the note: Repealed (in Sec. 3) and added by Stats. 2017, Ch. 770, Sec. 4. (SB 189) Effective January 1, 2018. Section operative July 1, 2018, by its own provisions.

    Effective: 2018-07-01

    Active
29. [29]

    Standard Classification System - Online Guide to Workers' Compensation(opens the original record on Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California (WCIRB))

    Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California (WCIRB)Standards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Page carries schema.org datePublished 2012-12-10 and dateModified 2026-06-03; advisory pure premium rates are amended at least annually.ID wcirb-standard-classification-system

    What this source supports (8)

    • For insurer data reporting purposes, California businesses are classified using the Standard Classification System found in Part 3 of the California Workers' Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan-1995.
    • The Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan is part of the California Code of Regulations and is approved by the Insurance Commissioner.
    • The Standard Classification System contains approximately 700 industry classifications and describes groups of employers whose businesses are relatively similar.
    • An insurer may deviate from the Standard Classification System for underwriting purposes; however, for data reporting purposes, all insurers must use the standard classification system found in the Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan.
    • An advisory pure premium rate, expressed as a rate per $100 in payroll, is calculated by the WCIRB for each classification.
    • For most industries, classifications are assigned by analyzing an employer's overall California operations and identifying one classification that describes the business as a whole.
    • Most employers are assigned to only one classification.
    • Some industries have their own special classification procedures.

    Re-fetched and re-verified 2026-08-31. WebFetch is blocked by the site WAF (HTTP 403); fetched over HTTPS with a standard browser user agent, HTTP 200, 114,801 bytes, and read the rendered body text. Every claim above was matched as a literal string in the fetched page. An earlier draft carried a ninth claim asserting that California uses its own system 'rather than NCCI's classification manual'; a byte-level grep of the fetched page returns ZERO occurrences of 'NCCI' or 'National Council', so that claim stays deleted and this source is not cited for any NCCI proposition. The page's example rate table is labeled September 1, 2024, so no specific dollar rate is cited from it. publishedDate is the schema.org datePublished, not dateModified. URL RE-CHECKED 2026-08-31: HTTP 200, no redirect, 114,913 bytes; schema.org datePublished 2012-12-10 and dateModified 2026-06-03 both re-read on the page today. A fresh case-insensitive grep for NCCI or National Council again returns ZERO hits. Published: 2012-12-10

    Active
30. [30]

    Classification Assignments - Online Guide to Workers' Compensation(opens the original record on Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California (WCIRB))

    Workers' Compensation Insurance Rating Bureau of California (WCIRB)Standards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Maintained alongside annual amendments to the Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan.ID wcirb-classification-assignments

    What this source supports (4)

    • The general rules and basic procedures for classifying a business are contained in Part 3 of the California Workers' Compensation Uniform Statistical Reporting Plan-1995, which is part of the California Code of Regulations and is approved by the Insurance Commissioner.
    • Any business specifically described by a classification must be assigned to that classification; any business not specifically described by a classification must be assigned to the most analogous (most similar) classification.
    • Classifications assigned to a business are used by its insurer to submit payroll and loss data to the WCIRB, and the WCIRB in turn uses this data by classification for experience rating purposes and the development of pure premium rates.
    • The page lists seven general procedures used in assigning classifications: Assignment by Analogy, Standard Exceptions, Single Enterprise, Multiple Enterprises, Miscellaneous Employees, General Inclusions and General Exclusions, and Special Industries.

    Re-fetched and re-verified 2026-08-31 over HTTPS with a browser user agent (WebFetch gets 403), HTTP 200, 87,174 bytes. All four claims matched as literal strings, including the seven-item procedure list rendered as 'Assignment by AnalogyStandard ExceptionsSingle EnterpriseMultiple EnterprisesMiscellaneous EmployeesGeneral Inclusions and General ExclusionsSpecial Industries'. The Part 3 / California Code of Regulations claim was added on this pass because it is on the page and the prose relies on it. A byte-level grep of the fetched page returns ZERO occurrences of 'NCCI' or 'National Council'. URL RE-CHECKED 2026-08-31: HTTP 200, no redirect, 87,290 bytes. All four claims re-matched today, including the full seven-item procedure list. A fresh grep for NCCI or National Council again returns ZERO hits.

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31. [31]

    California Civil Code Section 2782 - void indemnity provisions in construction contracts(opens the original record on California Legislative Information (California Legislature))

    California Legislative Information (California Legislature)Primary lawPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended only by the California Legislature; recheck leginfo for current text.ID ca-civ-2782

    What this source supports (6)

    • Section 2782(a) makes void and unenforceable construction contract provisions that purport to indemnify the promisee against liability for damages for death or bodily injury to persons, injury to property, or any other loss, damage or expense arising from the sole negligence or willful misconduct of the promisee or the promisee's agents, servants, or independent contractors who are directly responsible to the promisee, or for defects in design furnished by those persons.
    • Section 2782(a) further provides that the section shall not affect the validity of any insurance contract, workers' compensation, or agreement issued by an admitted insurer as defined by the Insurance Code.
    • Section 2782(b)(1) voids provisions in construction contracts with a public agency entered into before January 1, 2013 that purport to impose on the contractor, or relieve the public agency from, liability for the active negligence of the public agency.
    • Section 2782(b)(2) voids provisions in construction contracts with a public agency entered into on or after January 1, 2013 that purport to impose on any contractor, subcontractor, or supplier of goods or services, or relieve the public agency from, liability for the active negligence of the public agency.
    • Section 2782(c)(1) makes provisions in construction contracts entered into on or after January 1, 2013 with the owner of privately owned real property to be improved, and as to which the owner is not acting as a contractor or supplier of materials or equipment to the work, unenforceable to the extent of the active negligence of the owner, including that of its employees.
    • The section page shows the history line: Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 707, Sec. 2. (SB 474) Effective January 1, 2012.

    Fetched 2026-08-31 from the official leginfo section page; subdivisions (a), (b)(1), (b)(2) and (c)(1) read verbatim, including the admitted-insurer savings clause and the (c)(1) carve-out for an owner not acting as a contractor or supplier of materials or equipment. effectiveDate is the effective date of the last amendment shown on the page (January 1, 2012); January 1, 2013 is a contract-date dividing line inside subdivisions (b) and (c), not the effective date of the section. No subdivision of section 2782 uses the term 'additional insured'. Effective: 2012-01-01

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32. [32]

    California Civil Code Section 2782 (indemnity provisions in construction contracts)(opens the original record on California Legislative Information, Office of Legislative Counsel)

    California Legislative Information, Office of Legislative CounselPrimary lawPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by legislation; re-check leginfo for the current version before each publication cycle.ID ca-civ-code-2782

    What this source supports (9)

    • Section 2782(a) provides that, except as provided in Sections 2782.1, 2782.2, 2782.5, and 2782.6, provisions, clauses, covenants, or agreements contained in, collateral to, or affecting any construction contract that purport to indemnify the promisee against liability for damages for death or bodily injury to persons, injury to property, or any other loss, damage or expense arising from the sole negligence or willful misconduct of the promisee or the promisee's agents, servants, or independent contractors who are directly responsible to the promisee, or for defects in design furnished by those persons, are against public policy and are void and unenforceable.
    • Subdivision (a) closes with a proviso that the section shall not affect the validity of any insurance contract, workers' compensation, or agreement issued by an admitted insurer as defined by the Insurance Code.
    • Section 2782(b)(1) provides that, except as provided in Sections 2782.1, 2782.2, and 2782.5, provisions, clauses, covenants, or agreements contained in, collateral to, or affecting any construction contract with a public agency entered into before January 1, 2013, that purport to impose on the contractor, or relieve the public agency from, liability for the active negligence of the public agency are void and unenforceable.
    • Section 2782(b)(2) states the same rule for any construction contract with a public agency entered into on or after January 1, 2013, and reaches provisions that purport to impose that liability on any contractor, subcontractor, or supplier of goods or services, or to relieve the public agency from it.
    • Section 2782(c)(1) provides that, except as provided in subdivision (d) and Sections 2782.1, 2782.2, and 2782.5, provisions, clauses, covenants, or agreements contained in, collateral to, or affecting any construction contract entered into on or after January 1, 2013, with the owner of privately owned real property to be improved and as to which the owner is not acting as a contractor or supplier of materials or equipment to the work, that purport to impose on any contractor, subcontractor, or supplier of goods or services, or relieve the owner from, liability are unenforceable to the extent of the active negligence of the owner, including that of its employees.
    • Section 2782(c)(2) provides that for purposes of that subdivision an owner of privately owned real property to be improved includes the owner of any interest therein, other than a mortgage or other interest that is held solely as security for performance of an obligation.
    • Section 2782(c)(3) provides that the subdivision shall not apply to a homeowner performing a home improvement project on his or her own single family dwelling.
    • The section continues through subdivisions (d) to (i), which address indemnity for residential construction defect claims subject to Title 7, the defense and reimbursement procedure between subcontractors and builders or general contractors, remedies for nonperformance, preservation of equitable indemnity rights, claims against material suppliers and design professionals, and the definition of construction defect. Nothing in this cluster is drawn from those subdivisions.
    • The page carries the note 'Amended by Stats. 2011, Ch. 707, Sec. 2. (SB 474) Effective January 1, 2012.'

    Effective: 2012-01-01

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33. [33]

    California Civil Code Section 2782.05 - limits on subcontractor insure-or-indemnify clauses, with an additional insurance endorsement exception(opens the original record on California Legislative Information (California Legislature))

    California Legislative Information (California Legislature)Primary lawPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended only by the California Legislature; recheck leginfo for current text.ID ca-civ-2782-05

    What this source supports (8)

    • Section 2782.05(a) applies, except as provided in subdivision (b), to construction contracts and amendments entered into on or after January 1, 2013.
    • Section 2782.05(a) makes provisions that purport to insure or indemnify, including the cost to defend, a general contractor, construction manager, or other subcontractor, by a subcontractor, against liability for claims of death or bodily injury to persons, injury to property, or any other loss, damage, or expense void and unenforceable to the extent the claims arise out of, pertain to, or relate to the active negligence or willful misconduct of that general contractor, construction manager, or other subcontractor, or their other agents, other servants, or other independent contractors who are responsible to them, or for defects in design furnished by those persons, or to the extent the claims do not arise out of the scope of work of the subcontractor pursuant to the construction contract. The voiding operates to the extent stated, not as an automatic voiding of the entire clause.
    • Section 2782.05(b)(1) excepts contracts for residential construction subject to any part of Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2.
    • Section 2782.05(b)(2) excepts direct contracts with a public agency governed by subdivision (b) of Section 2782, and (b)(3) excepts direct contracts with the owner of privately owned real property to be improved that are governed by subdivision (c) of Section 2782.
    • Section 2782.05(b)(4) excepts any wrap-up insurance policy or program, and (b)(5) excepts a cause of action for breach of contract or warranty that exists independently of an indemnity obligation.
    • Section 2782.05(b)(6) excepts a provision in a construction contract that requires the promisor to purchase or maintain insurance covering the acts or omissions of the promisor, including additional insurance endorsements covering the acts or omissions of the promisor during ongoing and completed operations.
    • Section 2782.05(c) provides that, notwithstanding any choice-of-law rules that would apply the laws of another jurisdiction, the law of California shall apply to every contract to which the section applies.
    • The section page shows the history line: Added by Stats. 2011, Ch. 707, Sec. 3. (SB 474) Effective January 1, 2012.

    Fetched 2026-08-31 from the official leginfo section page in two passes: the opening and the closing of subdivision (a) were read verbatim, including the 'to the extent' limiter and the scope-of-work prong, and the full (b)(1) through (b)(6) list and subdivision (c) were read verbatim. effectiveDate is the effective date shown on the page for the section as added; January 1, 2013 is the contract-date trigger inside subdivision (a). Effective: 2012-01-01

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34. [34]

    California Civil Code Section 2782.05 (subcontractor indemnity and defense of a general contractor)(opens the original record on California Legislative Information, Office of Legislative Counsel)

    California Legislative Information, Office of Legislative CounselPrimary lawPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by legislation; re-check leginfo before each publication cycle.ID ca-civ-code-2782-05

    What this source supports (8)

    • Section 2782.05(a) reaches provisions, clauses, covenants, and agreements contained in, collateral to, or affecting any construction contract and amendments thereto entered into on or after January 1, 2013. By its own words the section does not reach a construction contract entered into before that date, and it does not reach contracts that are not construction contracts.
    • Within that scope, and except as provided in subdivision (b), Section 2782.05(a) makes void and unenforceable provisions that purport to insure or indemnify, including the cost to defend, a general contractor, construction manager, or other subcontractor, by a subcontractor, against liability for claims of death or bodily injury to persons, injury to property, or any other loss, damage, or expense, to the extent the claims arise out of, pertain to, or relate to the active negligence or willful misconduct of that general contractor, construction manager, or other subcontractor.
    • Subdivision (b) contains thirteen numbered paragraphs listing categories the section does not affect. The ones verified word for word on the page and relied on in this cluster are (b)(1) contracts for residential construction subject to any part of Title 7, (b)(2) direct contracts with a public agency governed by Section 2782(b), (b)(3) direct contracts with the owner of privately owned real property governed by Section 2782(c), (b)(4) any wrap-up insurance policy or program, (b)(5) a cause of action for breach of contract or warranty that exists independently of an indemnity obligation, (b)(7) indemnity provisions contained in loan and financing documents, (b)(8) general agreements of indemnity required by sureties as a condition of execution of bonds, (b)(9) the benefits and protections provided by the workers' compensation laws, (b)(10) the benefits or protections provided by the governmental immunity laws, and (b)(12) contracts with design professionals.
    • Subdivision (b) also contains (b)(11), which opens 'Provisions that require the purchase of any of the following:' and then lists specified insurance beginning with owners and contractors protective coverage, and (b)(13), which opens 'Any agreement between a promisor and an admitted surety insurer regarding the promisor's obligations'. Neither was captured in full on the fetched page, so neither is recited in this cluster and the list above should be read as partial.
    • Subdivision (b)(6) preserves a provision in such a construction contract that requires the promisor to purchase or maintain insurance covering the acts or omissions of the promisor, including additional insured endorsements covering the acts or omissions of the promisor during ongoing and completed operations.
    • Subdivision (c) opens 'Notwithstanding any choice-of-law rules that would apply the laws of another jurisdiction, the law of' and applies California law to a contract within the section's scope.
    • Subdivision (d) provides that any waiver of the provisions of the section is contrary to public policy and is void and unenforceable.
    • The page carries the note 'Added by Stats. 2011, Ch. 707, Sec. 3. (SB 474) Effective January 1, 2012.'

    Effective: 2012-01-01

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35. [35]

    Answers to 32 Questions Public and Private Owners Ask About Contract Bonding(opens the original record on National Association of Surety Bond Producers (NASBP), SuretyLearn.org)

    National Association of Surety Bond Producers (NASBP), SuretyLearn.orgSecondarySecondaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Periodically revised by NASBP; the fetched file is dated 8-18 in its filenameID nasbp-32-questions-contract-bonding

    What this source supports (15)

    • A surety bond is a promise to be liable for the debt, default, or failure of another, and is a three-party contract by which one party, the surety, guarantees the performance of a second party, the principal, to a third party, the obligee.
    • The surety is an insurance company licensed by a state department of insurance to provide surety bonds to guarantee the performance of a principal.
    • The obligee is the entity with whom the principal has a contract and to whom the bond is given; in construction this is the project owner or the prime contractor.
    • If the owner is the bond obligee, then the prime contractor is the principal; if the prime contractor is the obligee, then the subcontractor is the principal.
    • Surety bonds are almost always written by insurance companies that are licensed by state insurance departments, but they are not like traditional insurance policies: surety bonds are three-party agreements and traditional insurance policies, such as life insurance or property insurance policies, are two-party agreements.
    • The surety does not assume the primary obligation but is secondarily liable if the principal defaults on its bonded obligation.
    • A surety does not expect to suffer losses because the surety expects the bonded principal to perform its contractual obligations and because the surety has a signed indemnity agreement from the contractor to protect the surety from any losses the surety suffers as a result of having issued bonds.
    • A general agreement of indemnity is a contract between a surety company and a contractor that obligates the contractor and other indemnitors to protect the surety company from any loss or expense that the surety has as a result of having issued bonds on behalf of the bond principal, and if the contractor fails to fulfill its bonded obligation and the surety suffers any loss, the indemnitors are legally bound to indemnify, or pay back, the surety for its losses.
    • A fundamental concept of suretyship is that the surety will not sustain a loss; the surety expects to be indemnified and reimbursed for any payments or losses by the principal and indemnitors under the indemnity agreement, so the general agreement of indemnity is needed before the surety issues any bonds and applies to all bonds issued by the surety for the principal.
    • A surety company that issues bonds on behalf of a contractor almost always requires that the principal, the individuals who own or control the company, their spouses, and often affiliated companies sign the general agreement of indemnity.
    • Obtaining bonds is more like obtaining bank credit than purchasing insurance, and almost all sureties consider financial capacity, net worth, cash flow, assets, credit score, work in progress, work history including expertise and experience, banking relationship, nature of the project to be bonded, and character of the contractor.
    • The main types of contract surety bonds are bid bonds, performance bonds, payment bonds, and warranty bonds, sometimes called maintenance bonds.
    • Under a bid bond, the surety's liability is generally limited to the face amount, or penal sum, of the bond, which is typically in the range of 5 to 20 percent of the contract bid price.
    • The cost of a bond is based on rates filed by insurance companies with the state insurance department and is based on the contract amount; it can vary from less than 0.5 percent to as much as 3 percent of the contract price, and for a small and emerging contractor with minimal experience a contractor can expect to pay 2 to 3 percent of the contract price.
    • Bonds must be paid when they are executed, and bonds are non-cancelable.

    Downloaded 2026-08-31 and extracted with pdftotext, then read the relevant question and answer blocks directly. This is a trade association publication and is labeled secondary. It is used for the three-party structure, the credit-versus-insurance contrast, the general agreement of indemnity, bid bond penal sums, and pricing practice. Statutory and regulatory points rest on primary sources instead. The document's penal sum statements are specific to bid bonds and to dual obligee savings clauses; no general penal sum rule is claimed from it here.

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36. [36]

    FAR 28.102-1 - Performance and payment bonds and alternative payment protections for construction contracts, General(opens the original record on U.S. General Services Administration (Acquisition.gov, Federal Acquisition Regulation))

    U.S. General Services Administration (Acquisition.gov, Federal Acquisition Regulation)RegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Updated by Federal Acquisition CircularsID far-28-102-1

    What this source supports (5)

    • FAR 28.102-1(a) states that 40 U.S.C. chapter 31, subchapter III, Bonds, formerly known as the Miller Act, requires performance and payment bonds for any construction contract exceeding $150,000, except that this requirement may be waived, first by the contracting officer for work performed in a foreign country upon a finding that it is impracticable for the contractor to furnish the bonds, and second as otherwise authorized by the Bonds statute or by other law.
    • Pursuant to 40 U.S.C. 3132, for construction contracts greater than $35,000 but not greater than $150,000, the contracting officer shall select two or more of the listed payment protections, giving particular consideration to inclusion of an irrevocable letter of credit as one of the selected alternatives.
    • The payment protections the contracting officer selects from are a payment bond, an irrevocable letter of credit, a tripartite escrow agreement, certificates of deposit, and a deposit of the types of security listed in FAR 28.204-1 and 28.204-2.
    • The contractor shall submit to the Government one of the payment protections selected by the contracting officer.
    • The contractor shall furnish all bonds or alternative payment protection, including any necessary reinsurance agreements, before receiving a notice to proceed with the work or being allowed to start work.

    Re-fetched 2026-08-31 from acquisition.gov, the publisher's own site, and the paragraph (a) and (b)(1) text was read against the part 28 page as well. Three corrections were made in this revision. The waiver clause in paragraph (a), previously dropped for lack of quotable detail, is now carried with both of its branches, because stating the $150,000 requirement without it overstates the rule. The list of payment protections previously stopped at four and omitted the fifth, a deposit of the types of security listed in 28.204-1 and 28.204-2. The bracket wording now follows the FAR, which reads not greater than $150,000. The separate card entry about the 40 U.S.C. 3132 citation was folded into the paragraph (b)(1) entry, where that citation actually appears. The FAR text contains no inflation-adjustment language, so this source is not used for any assertion about thresholds moving.

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37. [37]

    40 U.S.C. 3131 - Bonds of contractors of public buildings or works (Miller Act)(opens the original record on Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives (uscode.house.gov))

    Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives (uscode.house.gov)Primary lawPrimaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by act of Congress; codified in title 40 chapter 31 subchapter IIIID usc-40-3131-miller-act

    What this source supports (8)

    • In this subchapter, the term contractor means a person awarded a contract described in subsection (b).
    • Before any contract of more than $100,000 is awarded for the construction, alteration, or repair of any public building or public work of the Federal Government, a person must furnish to the Government a performance bond and a payment bond, which become binding when the contract is awarded.
    • The performance bond must be with a surety satisfactory to the officer awarding the contract, and in an amount the officer considers adequate, for the protection of the Government.
    • The payment bond must be with a surety satisfactory to the officer for the protection of all persons supplying labor and material in carrying out the work provided for in the contract.
    • The amount of the payment bond shall equal the total amount payable by the terms of the contract unless the officer awarding the contract determines, in a writing supported by specific findings, that a payment bond in that amount is impractical, in which case the contracting officer shall set the amount; the amount of the payment bond shall not be less than the amount of the performance bond.
    • Every performance bond required under this section specifically shall provide coverage for taxes the Government imposes which are collected, deducted, or withheld from wages the contractor pays in carrying out the contract.
    • A contracting officer may waive the requirement of a performance bond and payment bond for work under a contract that is to be performed in a foreign country if the officer finds that it is impracticable for the contractor to furnish the bonds.
    • This section does not limit the authority of a contracting officer to require a performance bond or other security in addition to those, or in cases other than the cases, specified in subsection (b).

    Re-verified 2026-08-31 on the Office of the Law Revision Counsel site, the official publisher of the United States Code; the $100,000 figure in subsection (b) is confirmed as the current statutory threshold. The source URL was moved from the Cornell LII reproduction to uscode.house.gov in this revision. Two statutory branches that the earlier draft omitted are now on the card: subsection (d), the foreign-country waiver, and subsection (e), which preserves the contracting officer's authority to require bonds or other security beyond and outside subsection (b). An earlier version of this card also misquoted the payment bond rule as a written determination that a lesser amount is adequate; the statute says the awarding officer must determine, in a writing supported by specific findings, that a payment bond in the total-contract-price amount is impractical.

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38. [38]

    41 U.S.C. 1908 - Inflation adjustment of acquisition-related dollar thresholds(opens the original record on Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives (uscode.house.gov))

    Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives (uscode.house.gov)Primary lawPrimaryJurisdiction USLast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by act of CongressID usc-41-1908-acquisition-thresholds

    What this source supports (5)

    • On October 1 of each year evenly divisible by 5, the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council shall adjust each acquisition-related dollar threshold provided by law, as described in the section.
    • The adjustment requirement applies to a dollar threshold specified in law as a factor in defining the scope of the applicability of a policy, procedure, requirement, or restriction provided in that law to the procurement of property or services by an executive agency, as the Council determines, except as provided in the exceptions paragraph.
    • The adjustment does not apply to dollar thresholds in sections 3131 through 3134 of title 40, except that any modification of any such dollar threshold made by regulation and in effect on the date of the enactment of that subparagraph shall remain in effect.
    • The adjustment also does not apply to dollar thresholds in chapters 67 and 83 of title 41, in sections 3141 to 3144, 3146, and 3147 of title 40, or to thresholds the United States Trade Representative establishes under title III of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979.
    • Adjustments are calculated on the basis of changes in the Consumer Price Index for all-urban consumers published monthly by the Secretary of Labor.

    Re-verified 2026-08-31 on uscode.house.gov, the official publisher of the United States Code; the source URL was moved there from the Cornell LII reproduction in this revision. Subsections (a), (b) including the exceptions paragraph, and (c) were read there, and the Consumer Price Index basis appears in the section's adjustment provision. Used to explain the relationship between the Miller Act's $100,000 and the FAR's $150,000 instead of presenting them as an unexplained conflict. The card deliberately does not state the enactment date of the title 40 exception because the statutory text refers to it only as the date of the enactment of that subparagraph.

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39. [39]

    Fast Facts: A Guide to Contractor License Bonds (Rev. 12/22)(opens the original record on California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), Department of Consumer Affairs)

    California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), Department of Consumer AffairsRegulatorPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Revised periodically by CSLB; the fetched edition is marked Rev. 12/22ID cslb-license-bonds-fast-facts

    What this source supports (11)

    • To get a California contractor license, contractors must post a surety bond or cashier's check with CSLB.
    • The bond or cashier's check is filed for the benefit of consumers who may be damaged because of defective construction or other violations of contractors' state license law, and for employees who have not been paid wages they are owed.
    • Contractors commonly use a surety bond, referred to as a contractor license bond, where a surety company promises the State of California that it will pay damages if the contractor violates contractors' state license law.
    • The current amount of the contractor license bond is $25,000; the bond amount is not per job, it is the amount available for all the jobs a contractor takes on during the life of the bond.
    • Once the bond has been depleted, a contractor must purchase a new one for the license to remain in effect.
    • Those who can make a claim against a contractor bond include any homeowner who contracts for home improvements or for construction of a single-family dwelling damaged because of a violation of contractors' state license law by the licensee; someone damaged as a result of a willful and deliberate violation of that law or by fraud committed by a licensee in the execution or performance of a construction contract; any employee of the licensee damaged by failure to pay wages; and any person or entity damaged as a result of the licensee's failure to pay fringe benefits for eligible employees.
    • To file a claim against a bond, a consumer should contact the contractor's surety company and include a detailed written description of the problem, a copy of the contract, and all other pertinent documents and information.
    • The guide states that a consumer who is not satisfied with the response of the surety company may take the contractor to small claims court for amounts up to $10,000, and that claims above $10,000 must be filed in a superior court.
    • CSLB may require a separate bond, referred to as a disciplinary bond, for contractors who have been disciplined, and some license qualifiers, including responsible managing employees, are required to have a $25,000 bond on file with CSLB.
    • The surety company will investigate any claim filed against the bond and CSLB will investigate any complaint filed against the license, and CSLB and the surety company will independently resolve the issues under their respective jurisdictions.
    • The document carries the footer Rev. 12/22.

    Downloaded 2026-08-31 and extracted with pdftotext, then read in full. publishedDate is month-only because the document states only Rev. 12/22; the earlier 2022-12-01 value invented a day. The guide's $10,000 small claims figure is quoted here as the guide's own wording and is flagged in the entry as superseded by Code of Civil Procedure section 116.221. The guide does not say the bond is insurance for the contractor, does not describe any reimbursement duty, and does not say CSLB declines to adjudicate bond claims. Published: 2022-12

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40. [40]

    California Business and Professions Code section 7071.6 - Contractor's bond(opens the original record on California Legislative Counsel (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov))

    California Legislative Counsel (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov)Primary lawPrimaryJurisdiction CALast checked August 31, 2026Updates: Amended by act of the LegislatureID ca-bpc-7071-6-contractor-bond

    What this source supports (6)

    • The board shall require as a condition precedent to the issuance, reinstatement, reactivation, renewal, or continued maintenance of a license, that the applicant or licensee file or have on file a contractor's bond in the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000).
    • Excluding the claims brought by the beneficiaries specified in subdivision (a) of Section 7071.5, the aggregate liability of a surety on claims brought against a bond required by this section shall not exceed the sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars ($7,500).
    • The bond proceeds in excess of seven thousand five hundred dollars ($7,500) shall be reserved exclusively for the claims of the beneficiaries specified in subdivision (a) of Section 7071.5.
    • A bond shall not be required of a holder of a license that has been inactivated on the official records of the board during the period the license is inactive.
    • Notwithstanding any other law, as a condition precedent to licensure, the board may require an applicant to post a contractor's bond in twice the amount required pursuant to subdivision (a) until the time that the license is renewed, where the applicant has either been convicted of a violation of Section 7028 or has been cited pursuant to Section 7028.7, where any such citation has been reduced to a final order of the registrar, and where the violation or the basis for the citation constituted a substantial injury to the public.
    • The section carries the notation Repealed and added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 367, Sec. 17 (SB 607), effective January 1, 2022, operative January 1, 2023.

    Re-verified 2026-08-31 against the California Legislative Counsel's own text; subdivisions (a) through (d) and the legislative history were read verbatim, and the $25,000 figure in subdivision (a) is confirmed as the current amount. publishedDate reflects the chaptering of SB 607 (Stats. 2021, Ch. 367); effectiveDate is the January 1, 2022 effective date, with a January 1, 2023 operative date. Two omissions were repaired in this revision. The earlier fetch returned only the first sentence of subdivision (b), so the card was silent on where proceeds above the $7,500 cap go; the second sentence, reserving them exclusively for the section 7071.5(a) beneficiaries, is now carried, because the cap alone reads as though the rest of the bond is unavailable to anyone. Subdivision (d), which lets the board require a bond in twice the subdivision (a) amount on the three stated conditions, was missing entirely and has been added. An inference about the bond being imposed by statute rather than by contract remains out of the claims array. Published: 2021-10-08 Effective: 2022-01-01

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41. [41]

    Business Auto Coverage Form CA 00 01 10 13 (ISO)(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (page footers read "Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2011"); copy hosted by the Independent Insurance Agents of Texas)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (page footers read "Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2011"); copy hosted by the Independent Insurance Agents of TexasStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction USThird-party reproductionPublished October 2013Last checked September 2, 2026Updates: annuallyID iso-ca-00-01-10-13

    What this source supports (26)

    • Every page carries the form line CA 00 01 10 13, the title BUSINESS AUTO COVERAGE FORM, and the footer "Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2011"; the form runs 12 pages.
    • Section I Covered Autos states that Item Two of the Declarations shows the autos that are covered autos for each coverage, and that the symbols entered next to a coverage on the Declarations designate the only autos that are covered autos.
    • Symbol 1 is described as Any Auto.
    • Symbol 2 is Owned Autos Only: only those autos you own, and for Covered Autos Liability Coverage any trailers you do not own while attached to power units you own, including autos you acquire ownership of after the policy begins.
    • Symbol 3 is Owned Private Passenger Autos Only, and Symbol 4 is Owned Autos Other Than Private Passenger Autos Only.
    • Symbol 5 is Owned Autos Subject To No-fault: only those autos you own that are required to have no-fault benefits in the state where they are licensed or principally garaged.
    • Symbol 6 is Owned Autos Subject To A Compulsory Uninsured Motorists Law: only those autos you own that, because of the law in the state where they are licensed or principally garaged, are required to have and cannot reject Uninsured Motorists Coverage.
    • Symbol 7 is Specifically Described Autos: only those autos described in Item Three of the Declarations for which a premium charge is shown.
    • Symbol 8 is Hired Autos Only: only those autos you lease, hire, rent or borrow, and it does not include any auto you lease, hire, rent or borrow from any of your employees, partners if you are a partnership, members if you are a limited liability company, or members of their households.
    • Symbol 9 is Non-owned Autos Only: only those autos you do not own, lease, hire, rent or borrow that are used in connection with your business, and it includes autos owned by your employees, partners or members, or members of their households, but only while used in your business or your personal affairs.
    • The Covered Autos Liability Coverage insuring agreement states that the insurer will pay all sums an insured legally must pay as damages because of bodily injury or property damage to which the insurance applies, caused by an accident and resulting from the ownership, maintenance or use of a covered auto.
    • The same insuring agreement covers sums an insured legally must pay as a covered pollution cost or expense caused by an accident, but states that the insurer will only pay for the covered pollution cost or expense if there is also bodily injury or property damage to which the insurance applies caused by the same accident.
    • The form states that the insurer has no duty to defend any insured against a suit seeking damages for bodily injury, property damage or a covered pollution cost or expense to which the insurance does not apply.
    • The form states that the duty to defend or settle ends when the Covered Autos Liability Coverage Limit of Insurance has been exhausted by payment of judgments or settlements.
    • Who Is An Insured at Paragraph A.1. lists as insureds: you for any covered auto; and anyone else while using with your permission a covered auto you own, hire or borrow, subject to five stated exceptions.
    • The first exception to Who Is An Insured removes the owner or anyone else from whom you hire or borrow a covered auto, and states that the exception does not apply if the covered auto is a trailer connected to a covered auto you own.
    • The second exception removes your employee if the covered auto is owned by that employee or a member of his or her household.
    • The third exception removes someone using a covered auto while he or she is working in a business of selling, servicing, repairing, parking or storing autos, unless that business is yours.
    • The fifth exception removes a partner, if you are a partnership, or a member, if you are a limited liability company, for a covered auto owned by him or her or a member of his or her household.
    • Who Is An Insured also includes anyone liable for the conduct of an insured described above, but only to the extent of that liability.
    • Exclusion 2 Contractual removes liability assumed under any contract or agreement, but states the exclusion does not apply to liability for damages assumed in a contract or agreement that is an insured contract, provided the bodily injury or property damage occurs subsequent to the execution of the contract, or that the insured would have in the absence of the contract.
    • Exclusion 3 Workers' Compensation removes any obligation for which the insured or the insured's insurer may be held liable under any workers' compensation, disability benefits or unemployment compensation law or any similar law.
    • Exclusion 4 Employee Indemnification And Employer's Liability removes bodily injury to an employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of employment by the insured or performing duties related to the conduct of the insured's business, and to the spouse, child, parent, brother or sister of that employee as a consequence.
    • Exclusion 4 states that it applies whether the insured may be liable as an employer or in any other capacity, and to any obligation to share damages with or repay someone else who must pay damages because of the injury.
    • Exclusion 1 Expected Or Intended Injury removes bodily injury or property damage expected or intended from the standpoint of the insured.
    • Supplementary Payments include all expenses the insurer incurs and up to $2,000 for the cost of bail bonds, including bonds for related traffic law violations, required because of an accident the insurer covers, and the form states the insurer does not have to furnish these bonds.

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42. [42]

    Designated Insured For Covered Autos Liability Coverage, endorsement CA 20 48 10 13 (ISO)(opens the original record on Insurance Services Office, Inc. (page footer reads "Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2011"); copy hosted by the New York State Office of General Services)

    Insurance Services Office, Inc. (page footer reads "Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2011"); copy hosted by the New York State Office of General ServicesStandards bodyPrimaryJurisdiction USThird-party reproductionPublished October 2013Last checked September 2, 2026Updates: annuallyID iso-ca-20-48-10-13

    What this source supports (7)

    • The form carries the designation CA 20 48 10 13, the title DESIGNATED INSURED FOR COVERED AUTOS LIABILITY COVERAGE, and the footer "Insurance Services Office, Inc., 2011"; it is one page.
    • The endorsement states that it modifies insurance provided under the Auto Dealers Coverage Form, the Business Auto Coverage Form, and the Motor Carrier Coverage Form.
    • The endorsement states in terms: "This endorsement does not alter coverage provided in the Coverage Form."
    • The endorsement states that it identifies persons or organizations who are insureds for Covered Autos Liability Coverage under the Who Is An Insured provision of the Coverage Form.
    • The operative paragraph provides that each person or organization shown in the Schedule is an insured for Covered Autos Liability Coverage, but only to the extent that person or organization qualifies as an insured under the Who Is An Insured provision contained in Paragraph A.1. of Section II Covered Autos Liability Coverage in the Business Auto and Motor Carrier Coverage Forms, and Paragraph D.2. of Section I Covered Autos Coverages of the Auto Dealers Coverage Form.
    • The Schedule has one heading, Name Of Person(s) Or Organization(s), and the form states that information required to complete the Schedule, if not shown in the endorsement, will be shown in the Declarations.
    • The endorsement states that it changes the policy effective on the inception date of the policy unless another date is indicated on it.

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